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| On the Cairngorm Plateau, November 2016. |
The
first snow is on the tops. There are noticeably more hours of darkness than
light. Winds bite more, rain feels colder. This is the time of year when my hill
footwear of choice changes from trail shoes and, in the warmest weather, sandals
to lightweight boots.
The
advantages of lightweight footwear have become more accepted in recent years,
at least for summer use. However there is still a view that heavy stiff boots
are needed in winter, on the basis that you need the stiffness for security on
snow and so that crampons can be used when necessary. In fact, the reasons for
wearing lightweight footwear – less tiring, more comfortable, allowing the feet
to move naturally – are just as valid in winter. Boots are often labelled 3, 3-4
or 4 season, with the idea that only the last two categories are suitable for
winter, and 3-4 season only just. Actually, all this labelling tells you is how
stiff footwear is and whether it’s suitable for winter climbing. For hill
walking these categories are meaningless. A 4-season boot is really a snow and
ice climbing boot not a winter walking boot.
Warm and Dry
without Weight
Wet
feet, which are no more than a nuisance in summer, are much more unpleasant
when it’s cold. Keeping your feet warm and dry doesn’t have to mean heavy,
thick boots though. There are other, more comfortable, ways of achieving this. If
you rely solely on your footwear to keep your feet comfortable when it’s cold
then heavy boots can do this. However careful choice of socks plus the use of
gaiters can mean that your feet stay warm even in light non-waterproof footwear.
Many years ago I spent two weeks backpacking in the White Mountains of New
Hampshire in October. The weather was stormy, with wet snow falling most days,
and the trails were ankle deep in slush. My trail shoes were soaked most of the
time yet my feet stayed warm because I was wearing waterproof/breathable Sealskinz
socks. By the end of each day these were damp inside and my feet felt cool when
I stopped to camp so in the tent I changed into thick merino wool socks. Turned
inside out the SealSkinz socks dried overnight in my sleeping bag and were
ready for wear the next day. They didn’t stay fully waterproof but they kept
the wind out and so my feet stayed warm. When cold weather backpacking I always
have dry thick socks or insulated booties for camp wear. Sometimes I take both.
In
the White Mountains it wouldn’t have made any
difference if my shoes had had a waterproof/breathable membrane lining (they
didn’t) as the slush came over the ankles at times. However a waterproof lining
can help keep feet dry and warm in the cold and I don’t mind footwear with a
waterproof lining then, though I find one too warm outside of winter conditions.
Of course you need to keep snow and water out of your footwear, whether
membrane-lined or not, if you don’t wear waterproof socks. Gaiters are the
answer here of course and the combination of waterproof lined lightweight
boots, thick wool socks and gaiters is very effective. For gaiters to be
effective they must cover the uppers of the footwear, which means most don’t
work well with low-cut shoes though they’re fine with mid-height boots. I don’t
really like wearing gaiters though so they often stay in the pack, only being
worn if the snow’s deep or there are bogs or mud to wade through.
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| On Ben Macdui |
Above the
Snowline
For
much winter walking the main concerns are keeping your feet warm and dry.
However once there is snow and ice on the hills everything changes and walking
becomes much more serious. The main concerns then are safety and security, which
means being able to negotiate snow slopes and ice patches without slipping. This
is where some people insist that heavy, stiff boots are the only suitable
footwear. Indeed, whenever I suggest that lightweight footwear can be used
safely on snowy hills I’m accused of giving dangerous advice. So let me make it
clear in what conditions I find lightweight footwear okay. I’m talking about
hill walking and backpacking on the same terrain those activities are carried
out in summer. I accept that for technical snow and ice climbing stiffer
footwear is required. But most walkers don’t venture onto such terrain and
don’t require heavy, stiff boots let alone specialist mountaineering ones.
Kicking
steps in snow might be required in places though so footwear with hard toes is
a good idea. Footwear that’s reasonable stiff side to side is useful too as
it’s easier to kick the edges into the snow when traversing. However there’s no
need for stiffness toe to heel, as this just makes walking harder and more
tiring. Flexible footwear is fine in the snow.
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| On Ben Macdui |
Hard
snow and ice requires crampons and here the voices demanding heavy, stiff
footwear become more vociferous. There’s still a strong belief that crampons
can only be fitted safely to stiff or semi-stiff boots. It’s not true. It’s
always been possible to fit walkers’ crampons to flexible boots. Often boots
are given a rating that is supposed to say whether they can be fitted with
crampons or not. Lightweight boots and shoes always come in the B0 category,
meaning unsuitable for crampons. In fact they’re not unsuitable for crampons at
all and I recommend ignoring these ratings. Shops often use them and say they
can’t or won’t fit crampons to lightweight footwear. In that case I’d take your
custom to a more enlightened store where the staff don’t say you must have heavy,
uncomfortable boots to use crampons. Such advice can itself be dangerous. I’ve
met people in the hills without crampons in conditions that warranted them who
after being told they needed expensive stiff boots to wear crampons decided
they’d do without and go anyway.
In
fact there are now crampons designed to fit almost any footwear, even running
shoes. Walkers’ crampons have a flexible bar connecting the front and rear of
the crampons, which means that the crampons can flex with footwear. Stiff
crampons require stiff boots because if the boots flex and the crampons don’t
the crampons could come off or even break. I’ve used quite a few different
types of flexible crampons with flexible boots without problem. The lightest are
made from aluminium. These aren’t very tough however. I’ve blunted a pair of
aluminium crampons in a few hours when walking over icy rocks. Steel is harder
and also easier to sharpen. If you’ll be wearing crampons much I’d go for steel
ones.
Crampons
need to fit of course and you should be able to pick up the footwear by the
crampons and shake it without the crampons coming loose. In use it’s best to
keep as much of the crampon in contact with the ground as possible so that all
the points bite. Here flexible footwear is useful as it allows you to flex your
ankles. Balancing on the front points of the crampons is hard work if at all
possible and not very stable – you do need stiff boots for this. If you’ve not
worn crampons before it’s best to practise on safe slopes.
Often
crampons are only needed for short periods when crossing hard snow or ice. In
soft snow they can be a nuisance and it’s best to take them off unless you know
you’ll need them again soon. Sometimes however crampons are needed all day and
despite what many people say they can be worn comfortably with flexible footwear
for long periods of time. Once I wore a pair with Keen Targhee Mid boots for a
crossing of the Cairngorm plateau to Ben MacDui and back. There was little snow
but sheets of ice between every rock. Without crampons walking was difficult
and dangerous. I put the crampons on long before I reached the plateau and kept
them on until I was almost back down. The terrain was difficult and unforgiving
– rock, ice or frozen ground – and much harder to walk on than snow yet throughout
the day I felt secure and the boot/crampon combination was very comfortable.
A
lighter alternative to crampons are micro spikes and similar. These are okay on
gentler terrain and can be used on steeper ground with care. On an ascent of
Bynack More on hard icy snow I reckoned I’d reached the limits with a pair of these.
I had to tread more carefully than with full-size crampons and I made sure my
ice axe was firmly thrust into the snow before each step.
